CSIR NET Life Science December 2010 paper

CSIR NET Life Science December 2010 paper (Based on Memory

 

1. Pumice is the name of the most common volcanic rock that floats. It has various air bubbles and capillaries which trap air. Which statement is correct for this rock

1. Air cavities are interconnected

2. Air cavities are not connected

3. Density of rock is more than water

4. Rock is very older

 

2. Which of the following is responsible for ozone hole?

1. CO2                                 2. CH4

3. Chlorine                       4. NO

 

3. The mean salinity of sea 35 g per liter. The main cause of this observed salinity is

1. Evaporation and rainfall

2. Photosynthesis

3. Crust erosion and surface run off

4. Rivers drainage

 

4. Smog is due to

1. Air pollution derived from smoke and vehicles

2. More moisture in environment

3. Increase in CO2

4. Low temperature of earth surface

 

5. Which of the following is not a direct consequence of green house effect?

1. Increase in sea level                                 2. Rainfall

3. Tsunami                                                        4. Global warming

 

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December 2010 Paper

Thanks for IFAS, Jodhpur

Metabolic Tips: WHILE YOU READ BIOCHEMISTRY SCAN FOR THE FOLLOWING tips

1. Three compulsory lists that must be at your tips-

• Ketogenic and Glucogenic amino acids.
• Essential and Nonessential amino acids.
• Basic, Acidic, Sulphur containing amino acids.

2. Regulatory Enzymes of pathways e.g.

• Citrate synthesis in citric acid cycle.
• Phosphofructokinase in Glycolysis.
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase in Pyruvate Oxidation.
• Pyruvate Carboxykinase in Gluconeogenesis.
• Glycogen Synthase in Glycogenesis.
• Phosphorylase in Glycogenolysis.
• G6PD in PPP.  
• HMG CoA reductase in cholesterol synthesis.

3. Search for ATP estimates e.g.,

• 8 ATP’s per Glucose molecule in Glycolysis under aerobic conditions.
• 30 ATP’s per Pyruvate molecule entering citric acid cycle.
• 129 ATP’s per palmitate undergoing b-oxidation.

4. Look for regulatory molecules and feedback inhibitions e.g.,

• Glucose-6-phosphate inhibition on hexokinase.
• Citrate’s inhibitory effect on phosphofructokinase 1.
• Alanine’s inhibitory effect on Pyruvate kinase.
• Acetyl CoA’s inhibitory effect on Pyruvate dehydrogenase.
• Long chain acyl CoA’s inhibitory effect on Acetyl CoA carboxylase.

5. Look for subcellular organelles where the reactions specifically occur.

• Enzymes of citric acid cycle in mitochondrial matrix.
• Enzymes of Glycolysis in cytosol.
• Enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway in cytosol.
• Enzymes of denovo synthesis of fatty acids in cytosol.
• Enzymes of fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria.

6. Always have a clarity regarding precise role of various lipoproteins.

• HDL is cholesterol scavenger.
• Chylomicrons carry dietary cholesterol.
• VLDL are vehicles of transport of triacylglycerol from the liver to extrahepatic tissues.

7. Vitamins and their role as coenzymes e.g.,

• Thiamine in oxidative decarboxylation.
• Niacin in dehydrogenase reactions.
• Pantothenic acid in CoA.
• Pyridoxal phosphate in muscle phosphorylase.
• Biotin in carboxylase enzymes.
• Vitamin B12 to produce succinyl CoA.
• Folate in transfer of one-carbon units.

8. Products that accumulate in metabolic disorders e.g.,

• Homogenisate in urine of Alkaptonuria patients
• Phenyl acetyl glutamine in phenylketonuria.
• Xanthurenate in Vitamin B6 deficiency.
• Branched chain ketonuria in Mapple syrup urine disease.

9. Check for key enzymes responsible for Metabolic disorders e.g.,

• Glucose-6-phosphates in von Gierkes.
• Hepatic fructokinase in essential fructosuria.
• Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in Galactosemia.
• Cystathionine-b-synthase in homocystinuria.

10. Where NADH forms, where NADPH forms, where FADH₂ forms, where substrate level phosphorylation occurs e.g.,

• FADH₂ in succinate dehydrogenase in citric acid cycle.
• NADH in all degradative reactions.
• NADPH in all synthetic reactions.

The liver is an important organ in the human body…How?

The liver is an important organ in the human body. Aside from creating functional molecules and chemicals for the body, it also removes compounds that could possibly poison other organs. Understanding the liver's functions will help prevent liver ailments by learning how to eat better to protect the liver and avoid disease

The Facts
The liver is the biggest organ in the human body. It is found in the right upper section of the abdomen and extends to the top of the diaphragm. The top part is beneath the right lung, the left end is under the heart, the left bottom side is above the stomach, and the right bottom side is above the gall bladder and right kidney and is protected by the right rib cage. Its color is reddish brown and it has a smooth texture. It has four lobes. The liver is larger when the human body is in its infancy stage and reduces in size as the body grows older. It weighs in at 1.2 to 1.5 kg in the female body and 1.3 to 1.6 kg in the male body.

Function:
The liver's function in the human body is to help break down and distribute nutrients in food. Medicine and alcohol are also processed by the liver so that toxins can be removed. The liver produces many chemical compounds that help in various bodily functions, some of which are to help blood to clot, maintain the glucose level in blood by breaking down and transforming glucose into glycogen, and regulating levels of amino acids, the building blocks of protein.

Significance:
The human body cannot function without the liver since it is responsible for many of the processes that the body needs to survive. One major function of the liver is to treat everything that is ingested and produced by the body and turn it into useful chemicals that aid other organs in maintaining the human body's functions. Byproducts that are not needed by the body are turned into waste and excreted.

Considerations:
Medications and alcohol have a strong effect on the liver's health. A perfectly functioning liver means that all the organs in the human body will operate just as well. Alcohol abuse and prolonged intake of certain medications change the liver's metabolism and will affect its functions, possibly leading to liver diseases like cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer or Wilson's disease.

Prevention:
Drink plenty of fresh water throughout the day to help the liver do its job. Add more fruits and vegetables to your diet and give your liver a rest from red meats and processed food. Eat only fresh food and avoid food that has been reheated more than once. The liver weeds out any bacteria ingested through food intake, and too much harmful bacteria may cause liver damage. Avoid excessive intake of alcohol or avoid it altogether to prevent damage to the liver.